Overview
KubeDB is the Kubernetes Native Database Management Solution which simplifies and automates routine database tasks such as Provisioning, Monitoring, Upgrading, Patching, Scaling, Volume Expansion, Backup, Recovery, Failure detection, and Repair for various popular databases on private and public clouds. The databases supported by KubeDB include MongoDB, Elasticsearch, MySQL, MariaDB, Redis, PostgreSQL, Solr, Microsoft SQL Server, FerretDB, SingleStore, Percona XtraDB, and Memcached. Additionally, KubeDB also supports ProxySQL, PgBouncer, Pgpool, ZooKeeper and the streaming platform Kafka, RabbitMQ. You can find the guides to all the supported databases in KubeDB . In this tutorial we will deploy Microsoft SQL Server (MSSQL) in Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS). We will cover the following steps:
- Install KubeDB
- Deploy MSSQL Server Availability Group Cluster
- Read/Write Sample Data
Get Cluster ID
We need the cluster ID to get the KubeDB License. To get cluster ID, we can run the following command:
$ kubectl get ns kube-system -o jsonpath='{.metadata.uid}'
8e336615-0dbb-4ae8-b72f-2e7ec34c399d
Get License
Go to Appscode License Server to get the license.txt file. For this tutorial we will use KubeDB.
Install KubeDB
We will use helm to install KubeDB. Please install helm here
if it is not already installed.
Now, let’s install KubeDB.
$ helm search repo appscode/kubedb
NAME CHART VERSION APP VERSION DESCRIPTION
appscode/kubedb v2024.6.4 v2024.6.4 KubeDB by AppsCode - Production ready databases...
appscode/kubedb-autoscaler v0.31.0 v0.31.0 KubeDB Autoscaler by AppsCode - Autoscale KubeD...
appscode/kubedb-catalog v2024.6.4 v2024.6.4 KubeDB Catalog by AppsCode - Catalog for databa...
appscode/kubedb-community v0.24.2 v0.24.2 KubeDB Community by AppsCode - Community featur...
appscode/kubedb-crd-manager v0.1.0 v0.1.0 KubeDB CRD Manager by AppsCode
appscode/kubedb-crds v2024.6.4 v2024.6.4 KubeDB Custom Resource Definitions
appscode/kubedb-dashboard v0.22.0 v0.22.0 KubeDB Dashboard by AppsCode
appscode/kubedb-enterprise v0.11.2 v0.11.2 KubeDB Enterprise by AppsCode - Enterprise feat...
appscode/kubedb-grafana-dashboards v2024.6.4 v2024.6.4 A Helm chart for kubedb-grafana-dashboards by A...
appscode/kubedb-kubestash-catalog v2024.6.4 v2024.6.4 KubeStash Catalog by AppsCode - Catalog of Kube...
appscode/kubedb-metrics v2024.6.4 v2024.6.4 KubeDB State Metrics
appscode/kubedb-one v2023.12.28 v2023.12.28 KubeDB and Stash by AppsCode - Production ready...
appscode/kubedb-ops-manager v0.33.0 v0.33.1 KubeDB Ops Manager by AppsCode - Enterprise fea...
appscode/kubedb-opscenter v2024.6.4 v2024.6.4 KubeDB Opscenter by AppsCode
appscode/kubedb-provider-aws v2024.6.4 v0.8.0 A Helm chart for KubeDB AWS Provider for Crossp...
appscode/kubedb-provider-azure v2024.6.4 v0.8.0 A Helm chart for KubeDB Azure Provider for Cros...
appscode/kubedb-provider-gcp v2024.6.4 v0.8.0 A Helm chart for KubeDB GCP Provider for Crossp...
appscode/kubedb-provisioner v0.46.0 v0.46.1 KubeDB Provisioner by AppsCode - Community feat...
appscode/kubedb-schema-manager v0.22.0 v0.22.0 KubeDB Schema Manager by AppsCode
appscode/kubedb-ui v2024.7.4 0.7.3 A Helm chart for Kubernetes
appscode/kubedb-ui-presets v2024.7.4 v2024.7.4 KubeDB UI Presets
appscode/kubedb-ui-server v2021.12.21 v2021.12.21 A Helm chart for kubedb-ui-server by AppsCode
appscode/kubedb-webhook-server v0.22.0 v0.22.0 KubeDB Webhook Server by AppsCode
$ helm install kubedb oci://ghcr.io/appscode-charts/kubedb \
--version v2024.6.4 \
--namespace kubedb --create-namespace \
--set-file global.license=/path/to/the/license.txt \
--set global.featureGates.MSSQLServer=true \
--wait --burst-limit=10000 --debug
Let’s verify the installation:
$ kubectl get pods --all-namespaces -l "app.kubernetes.io/instance=kubedb"
NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
kubedb kubedb-kubedb-autoscaler-7cb959fccf-xsqjs 1/1 Running 0 102s
kubedb kubedb-kubedb-ops-manager-854649d6df-cd7f4 1/1 Running 0 102s
kubedb kubedb-kubedb-provisioner-5685bc4c99-sddrc 1/1 Running 0 103s
kubedb kubedb-kubedb-webhook-server-64fc6759dc-gkw4l 1/1 Running 0 103s
kubedb kubedb-petset-operator-77b6b9897f-8pzpg 1/1 Running 0 103s
kubedb kubedb-petset-webhook-server-7988778876-shvmz 2/2 Running 0 103s
kubedb kubedb-sidekick-c898cff4c-mcljb 1/1 Running 0 103s
We can list the CRD Groups that have been registered by the operator by running the following command:
$ kubectl get crd -l app.kubernetes.io/name=kubedb
NAME CREATED AT
clickhouseversions.catalog.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:32:17Z
connectclusters.kafka.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:07Z
connectors.kafka.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:07Z
druidversions.catalog.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:32:17Z
elasticsearchautoscalers.autoscaling.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:03Z
elasticsearchdashboards.elasticsearch.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:03Z
elasticsearches.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:03Z
elasticsearchopsrequests.ops.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:03Z
elasticsearchversions.catalog.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:32:17Z
etcdversions.catalog.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:32:17Z
ferretdbversions.catalog.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:32:17Z
kafkaautoscalers.autoscaling.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:07Z
kafkaconnectorversions.catalog.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:32:17Z
kafkaopsrequests.ops.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:07Z
kafkas.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:06Z
kafkaversions.catalog.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:32:17Z
mariadbarchivers.archiver.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:11Z
mariadbautoscalers.autoscaling.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:11Z
mariadbdatabases.schema.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:11Z
mariadbopsrequests.ops.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:11Z
mariadbs.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:10Z
mariadbversions.catalog.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:32:17Z
memcachedversions.catalog.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:32:18Z
mongodbarchivers.archiver.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:16Z
mongodbautoscalers.autoscaling.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:15Z
mongodbdatabases.schema.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:16Z
mongodbopsrequests.ops.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:15Z
mongodbs.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:15Z
mongodbversions.catalog.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:32:18Z
mssqlservers.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:19Z
mssqlserverversions.catalog.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:32:18Z
mysqlarchivers.archiver.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:23Z
mysqlautoscalers.autoscaling.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:23Z
mysqldatabases.schema.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:23Z
mysqlopsrequests.ops.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:23Z
mysqls.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:23Z
mysqlversions.catalog.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:32:18Z
perconaxtradbversions.catalog.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:32:18Z
pgbouncerversions.catalog.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:32:18Z
pgpoolversions.catalog.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:32:18Z
postgresarchivers.archiver.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:28Z
postgresautoscalers.autoscaling.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:27Z
postgresdatabases.schema.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:28Z
postgreses.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:27Z
postgresopsrequests.ops.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:27Z
postgresversions.catalog.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:32:18Z
proxysqlversions.catalog.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:32:18Z
publishers.postgres.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:28Z
rabbitmqversions.catalog.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:32:18Z
redisautoscalers.autoscaling.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:31Z
redises.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:31Z
redisopsrequests.ops.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:31Z
redissentinelautoscalers.autoscaling.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:32Z
redissentinelopsrequests.ops.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:32Z
redissentinels.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:31Z
redisversions.catalog.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:32:18Z
schemaregistries.kafka.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:07Z
schemaregistryversions.catalog.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:32:18Z
singlestoreversions.catalog.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:32:18Z
solrversions.catalog.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:32:18Z
subscribers.postgres.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:33:28Z
zookeeperversions.catalog.kubedb.com 2024-08-14T05:32:18Z
Create a Namespace
To keep resources isolated, we’ll use a separate namespace called demo throughout this tutorial.
Run the following command to create the namespace:
$ kubectl create namespace demo
namespace/demo created
Install Cert Manager
To manage TLS certificates within Kubernetes, we need to install Cert Manager . Follow these steps to install Cert Manager using the YAML manifest:
$ kubectl apply -f https://github.com/cert-manager/cert-manager/releases/download/v1.15.0/cert-manager.yaml
namespace/cert-manager created
...
Create Issuer
Next, we need to create an Issuer, which will be used to generate certificates for TLS settings and internal endpoint authentication of availability group replicas.
Start by generating CA certificates using OpenSSL:
$ openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout ./ca.key -out ./ca.crt -subj "/CN=MSSQLServer/O=KubeDB"
Generating a RSA private key
..........................................................................+++++
..+++++
writing new private key to './ca.key'
-----
Create a Kubernetes Secret to store the CA certificate:
$ kubectl create secret tls mssqlserver-ca --cert=ca.crt --key=ca.key --namespace=demo
secret/mssqlserver-ca created
Create an Issuer using the CA certificate stored in the mssqlserver-ca Secret. Below is the YAML definition for the Issuer:
apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
kind: Issuer
metadata:
name: mssqlserver-issuer
namespace: demo
spec:
ca:
secretName: mssqlserver-ca
Below is the YAML definition for the Issuer:
$ kubectl apply -f issuer.yaml
issuer.cert-manager.io/mssqlserver-issuer created
Deploy MSSQL Server Availability Group Cluster
Now, we can deploy an MSSQL Server Availability Group Cluster using the following YAML definition:
apiVersion: kubedb.com/v1alpha2
kind: MSSQLServer
metadata:
name: mssqlserver-ag-cluster
namespace: demo
spec:
version: "2022-cu12"
replicas: 3
topology:
mode: AvailabilityGroup
availabilityGroup:
databases:
- music
internalAuth:
endpointCert:
issuerRef:
apiGroup: cert-manager.io
name: mssqlserver-issuer
kind: Issuer
tls:
issuerRef:
name: mssqlserver-issuer
kind: Issuer
apiGroup: "cert-manager.io"
clientTLS: false
storageType: Durable
storage:
storageClassName: "default"
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce
resources:
requests:
storage: 1Gi
deletionPolicy: WipeOut
Let’s save this yaml configuration into mssqlserver-ag-cluster.yaml
Then apply the above MSSQL Server yaml,
$ kubectl apply -f mssqlserver-ag-cluster.yaml
mssqlserver.kubedb.com/mssqlserver-ag-cluster created
In this yaml,
spec.versionis the name of the MSSQLServerVersion CR. Here, a MSSQLServer ofversion 2022-cu12will be created.spec.topology.availabilityGroup.databasesspecifies the list of databases that must be added to theAvailability Groupcluster.spec.tlsspecifies the TLS/SSL configurations. The KubeDB operator supports TLS management by using the cert-manager . Heretls.clientTLS: falsemeans tls will not be enabled for SQL Server but the Issuer will be used to configure tls enabled wal-g proxy-server which is required for SQL Server backup operation.spec.storageTypespecifies the type of storage that will be used for MSSQLServer database. It can beDurableorEphemeral. The default value of this field isDurable. IfEphemeralis used then KubeDB will create the MSSQLServer database usingEmptyDirvolume. In this case, you don’t have to specifyspec.storagefield. This is useful for testing purposes.spec.storagespecifies the StorageClass of PVC dynamically allocated to store data for this database. This storage spec will be passed to the Petset created by the KubeDB operator to run database pods. You can specify any StorageClass available in your cluster with appropriate resource requests. If you don’t specifyspec.storageType: Ephemeral, then this field is required.spec.deletionPolicyfield is Wipeout means that the database will be deleted without restrictions. It can also be “Halt”, “Delete” and “DoNotTerminate”.
Once these are handled correctly and the MSSQLServer object is deployed, you will see that the following resources are created:
$ kubectl get all -n demo
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
pod/mssqlserver-ag-cluster-0 2/2 Running 0 6m35s
pod/mssqlserver-ag-cluster-1 2/2 Running 0 5m30s
pod/mssqlserver-ag-cluster-2 2/2 Running 0 4m7s
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
service/mssqlserver-ag-cluster ClusterIP 10.128.113.192 <none> 1433/TCP 7m41s
service/mssqlserver-ag-cluster-pods ClusterIP None <none> 1433/TCP 7m41s
service/mssqlserver-ag-cluster-secondary ClusterIP 10.128.213.243 <none> 1433/TCP 7m41s
NAME TYPE VERSION AGE
appbinding.appcatalog.appscode.com/mssqlserver-ag-cluster kubedb.com/mssqlserver 2022 6m37s
NAME VERSION STATUS AGE
mssqlserver.kubedb.com/mssqlserver-ag-cluster 2022-cu12 Ready 7m41s
Let’s check if the database is ready to use,
$ kubectl get mssqlserver -n demo mssqlserver-ag-cluster
NAME VERSION STATUS AGE
mssqlserver-ag-cluster 2022-cu12 Ready 8m16s
We have successfully deployed MSSQL Server in AKS. Now we can exec into the container to use the database.
Accessing Database Through CLI
To access your database through the CLI, you first need the credentials for the database. KubeDB will create several Kubernetes Secrets and Services for your MSSQL Server instance. To view them, use the following commands:
$ kubectl get secret -n demo -l=app.kubernetes.io/instance=mssqlserver-ag-cluster
NAME TYPE DATA AGE
mssqlserver-ag-cluster-auth kubernetes.io/basic-auth 2 9m36s
mssqlserver-ag-cluster-client-cert kubernetes.io/tls 3 9m36s
mssqlserver-ag-cluster-dbm-login kubernetes.io/basic-auth 1 9m36s
mssqlserver-ag-cluster-endpoint-cert kubernetes.io/tls 3 9m36s
mssqlserver-ag-cluster-master-key kubernetes.io/basic-auth 1 9m36s
mssqlserver-ag-cluster-server-cert kubernetes.io/tls 3 9m36s
$ kubectl get service -n demo -l=app.kubernetes.io/instance=mssqlserver-ag-cluster
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
mssqlserver-ag-cluster ClusterIP 10.128.113.192 <none> 1433/TCP 9m43s
mssqlserver-ag-cluster-pods ClusterIP None <none> 1433/TCP 9m43s
mssqlserver-ag-cluster-secondary ClusterIP 10.128.213.243 <none> 1433/TCP 9m43s
From the above list, the mssqlserver-ag-cluster-auth Secret contains the admin-level credentials needed to connect to the database. Use the following commands to obtain the username and password:
$ kubectl get secret -n demo mssqlserver-ag-cluster-auth -o jsonpath='{.data.username}' | base64 -d
sa
$ kubectl get secret -n demo mssqlserver-ag-cluster-auth -o jsonpath='{.data.password}' | base64 -d
pT42K58uKEe3pote
Insert Sample Data
In this section, we will insert sample data into our MSSQL Server deployed on Kubernetes. Before we can insert data, we need to identify the primary node, as data writes are only permitted on the primary node.
To determine which pod is the primary node, run the following command to list the pods along with their roles:
$ kubectl get pods -n demo --selector=app.kubernetes.io/instance=mssqlserver-ag-cluster -o jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{.metadata.name}{"\t"}{.metadata.labels.kubedb\.com/role}{"\n"}{end}'
mssqlserver-ag-cluster-0 primary
mssqlserver-ag-cluster-1 secondary
mssqlserver-ag-cluster-2 secondary
From the output above, we can see that mssqlserver-ag-cluster-0 is the primary node. To insert data, log into the primary MSSQL Server pod. Use the following command,
$ kubectl exec -it mssqlserver-ag-cluster-0 -n demo bash
Defaulted container "mssql" out of: mssql, mssql-coordinator, mssql-init (init)
mssql@mssqlserver-ag-cluster-0:/$ /opt/mssql-tools/bin/sqlcmd -S localhost -U sa -P "pT42K58uKEe3pote"
1> SELECT name FROM sys.databases
2> GO
name
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
master
tempdb
model
msdb
music
kubedb_system
(6 rows affected)
# Verify that the database 'music' has been created and added to the `availability group cluster`. Then, we will insert data into this `music` database.
1> SELECT database_name
2> FROM sys.availability_databases_cluster
3> GO
database_name
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
music
(1 rows affected)
1> USE music
2> GO
Changed database context to 'music'.
1> CREATE TABLE Playlist (Artist NVARCHAR(255), Song NVARCHAR(255));
2> GO
1> INSERT INTO Playlist(Artist, Song) VALUES ('John Denver', 'Country Roads');
2> GO
(1 rows affected)
1> SELECT * FROM Playlist
2> GO
Artist Song
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
John Denver Country Roads
(1 rows affected)
1> exit
...
# Confirm that the data inserted into the primary node has been replicated to the secondary nodes.
# Access the secondary node (Node 2) to verify that the data is present.
$ kubectl exec -it mssqlserver-ag-cluster-1 -n demo bash
Defaulted container "mssql" out of: mssql, mssql-coordinator, mssql-init (init)
mssql@mssqlserver-ag-cluster-1:/$ /opt/mssql-tools/bin/sqlcmd -S localhost -U sa -P "pT42K58uKEe3pote"
1> USE music
2> GO
Changed database context to 'music'.
1> SELECT * FROM Playlist
2> GO
Artist Song
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
John Denver Country Roads
(1 rows affected)
1> exit
...
# Access the secondary node (Node 3) to verify that the data is present.
$ kubectl exec -it mssqlserver-ag-cluster-2 -n demo bash
Defaulted container "mssql" out of: mssql, mssql-coordinator, mssql-init (init)
mssql@mssqlserver-ag-cluster-2:/$ /opt/mssql-tools/bin/sqlcmd -S localhost -U sa -P "pT42K58uKEe3pote"
1> USE music
2> GO
Changed database context to 'music'.
1> SELECT * FROM Playlist
2> GO
Artist Song
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
John Denver Country Roads
(1 rows affected)
1> exit
We’ve successfully inserted some sample data to our database. Also, access it from every node of Availability Group Cluster. More information about Deploy & Manage MSSQL Server on Kubernetes can be found in Kubernetes MSSQL Server
We have made a in depth tutorial on Seamlessly Provision and Manage Microsoft SQL Server Instances on Kubernetes Using KubeDB. You can have a look into the video below:
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More about MSSQL Server on Kubernetes
If you have found a bug with KubeDB or want to request for new features, please file an issue .